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Bacteria can multiply within 24 to 48 hours in the small bowel in response to consumption of high-fat foods, the microbes facilitate production and secretion of digestive enzymes into the small bowel. Digestive enzymes break down dietary fat, enabling the rapid absorption of calorie-dense foods. Concurrently, the microbes release bioactive compounds that stimulate the absorptive cells in the intestine to package and transport fat for absorption. After sometime, presence of microbes can lead to obesity.
The bacteria are part of an orchestrated series of events that make lipid absorption more efficient. Small-bowel microbes directly regulate both digestion and absorption of lipids, this can prevents and treats obesity and cardiovascular disease. Researchers used mice that were germ-free, bred in isolated chambers and harboring no intestinal bacteria, and mice that were “specific pathogen free SPF- meaning healthy but harboring common non-disease causing microbes.
The germ-free mice when fed a high-fat diet were unable to digest or absorb fatty foods. They did not gain weight but have elevated lipid levels in their stool. SPF mice that received a high-fat diet did gain weight. This diet quickly boosted the abundance of certain microbes in the small intestine, including microbes from the Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae families. A member of Clostridiaceae was found to specifically impact fat absorption. The abundance of other bacterial families decreased on a high-fat diet including Bifidobacteriacaea and Bacteriodacaea.
When germ-free mice were subsequently introduced to microbes that contribute to fat digestion, they quickly gained the ability to absorb lipids. In mice, a high-fat diet can alter the microbial make-up of the small intestine. Calorie-dense foods attract specific bacterial strains into the small intestine. These microbes are then able to allow the host to digest this high-fat diet and absorb fats that can extra-intestinal organs like pancreas.
Decreasing the abundance or activity of certain microbes that promote fat absorption, or increasing the abundance of microbes that may inhibit fat uptake. Human diet on a daily basis has impact on the abundance and the type of bacteria harbored in the gut, the microbes directly influence on human metabolism.
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