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By removing “race correction” from the interpretation of pulmonary function test (PFT) results, Black individuals were shown to have a significantly higher prevalence and severity of lung disease, according to research presented at the ATS 2021 International Conference.
Alexander Moffett, MD, clinical fellow, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, and colleagues, sought to determine the real-world consequences of race correction for the interpretation of PFT results. Race correction, a standard practice in PFT interpretation that has no biological basis, results in a decrease in the predicted lower limit of “normal” for FEV1 (the maximum amount of air a person can forcibly exhale in one second) and FVC (forced vital capacity—maximum amount exhaled forcefully after breathing in deeply) for Black patients.
“The use of race correction in clinical algorithms may mask and, thus, reinforce the effects of structural racism, including known disparities in care processes and outcomes for Black patients with lung diseases,” stated Dr. Moffett. “Black patients are both undiagnosed and underdiagnosed.”
Dr. Moffett and colleagues used American Thoracic Society guidelines to interpret pulmonary function tests performed at the University of Pennsylvania Health System between 2010 and 2020 involving patients who self-identified as Black or African-American. These guidelines were applied using the reference values for spirometry (a commonly used type of pulmonary function test) developed by the Global Lung Function Initiative, both with and without race correction—14,080 test results in all.
The researchers compared the two sets of interpretations with respect to the diagnosis of obstructive, restrictive, and mixed pulmonary defects, along with the gradation of severity of these defects.
“Removal of race correction led to results indicating the presence of more serious pulmonary disease,” stated Dr. Moffett. “The removal of race correction led to an increase in the percentage of patients with any pulmonary defect from 59.5 percent to 81.7 percent, a significant difference of 20.8 percent. This means that we may be missing a large number of patients, who may be undertreated or not treated at all.”
Looking at specific pulmonary disease categories, the removal of Black race correction led to a diagnosis of obstruction for an additional 414 patients and an increase in the prevalence of obstructive lung disease in this group from 22.1 percent to 23.9 percent, a difference of 1.7 percent. Removal of race correction also led to the diagnosis of restricted breathing for an additional 665 patients, an increase in the prevalence of restrictive lung disease from 8.8 percent to 13.5 percent, a difference of 4.7 percent. Among patients with an obstructive, restrictive, or mixed defect, the percentage for whom correction removal led to an increase in the severity of disease was 48.6 percent.
“There are many ways one might remove race correction from pulmonary function test interpretation and further work is needed, involving the collaboration of patients and clinicians, to develop a broad consensus on this point,” said Dr. Moffett. “The preliminary research reported here is intended to start a larger conversation concerning the current assumptions that inform pulmonary function test interpretation and the ways in which these assumptions may promote the unequal distribution of medical resources. Our hope is that in identifying the clinical implications of race correction, we can begin to convince other health professionals of the importance of this topic of conversation, developing the science of pulmonary function test interpretation on a stronger scientific foundation to promote more just medical care.”
American Thoracic Society